ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate levels of antibodies against type A and type C influenza viruses and those against the 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus (before and after the 2009 H1N1 pandemic) among residents in Wuxi. To compare levels of antibodies against the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus (one year after the pandemic) in the unvaccinated population with those in the population who received vaccine.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Serum samples were collected from subjects (aged 1-60 years) during September 2008 to May 2009, and during September 2010 to January 2011. Also collected were serum samples from adults who had received vaccines for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 for one year. Antibody response to influenza viruses was measured using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. Seropositivity rate, seroprotection rate and geometric mean titer (GMT) were compared for each age group during different periods.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Before the outbreak of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, seropositivity rate, seroprotection rate and GMT among the study subjects in were 2.86% (4/140), 0.71% (1/140) and 5.23, respectively. One year after the outbreak, seropositivity rate, seroprotection rate and GMT among the study subjects were 66.33%, 37.76% and 19.17, respectively. Among them, adult subjects showed 50.00% seropositivity rate, 19.44% seroprotection rate and 13.09 GMT, while adult subjects who had received vaccine for one year showed 61.36% seropositivity rate, 22.73% seroprotection rate and 14.14 GMT. No significant difference was observed between these two populations (P > 0.05 for all three indexes). Furthermore, before the outbreak of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, levels of antibodies against seasonal influenza viruses among the study subjects were as follows: for H1N1 virus, seropositivity rate, seroprotection rate and GMT were 55.00%, 35.00% and 16.90, respectively; for H3N2 virus, seropositivity rate, seroprotection rate and GMT were 86.40%, 84.30% and 58.56, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>One year after the 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus had spread to Wuxi, the population levels of antibodies against this virus have approached those against seasonal influenza viruses, as reflected by seropositivity rates, seroproection rates and GMT. Moreover, considerable levels of antibodies against seasonal influenza viruses were observed in populations, indicating no seasonal influenza outbreak would occur recently.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Antibodies, Viral , Blood , Allergy and Immunology , China , Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Allergy and Immunology , Influenza Vaccines , Allergy and Immunology , Influenza, Human , Blood , Allergy and Immunology , VirologyABSTRACT
Objective To study the clinical and imaging features of patients with bone metastases from breast cancer and identify the factors related to the incidence of bone metastases. Methods Three hundred and thirty-four patients with breast cancer were recruited into this study. Whole-body 99Tcm-methylene disphosphonate (MDP) bone scan, clinical staging, pathological, immunohistochemical and serological test results were analyzed retrospectively. χ2 test was used for statistical analysis. Results The incidence rate of bone metastases for patients with and without lymph node metastases was 71% (152/214) and 22. 5% (27/120), respectively (χ2 =72.80, P =0.000). The incidence rate of bone metastases from infiltrated non-specified and specified breast cancer was 69% (203/294) and 41.7% (5/12), respectively (χ2 =3. 97, P=0.046). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was elevated in 28.5% (51/179) and 14.9%(11/74) of patients with and without bone metastases, respectively (χ2 = 5. 25, P = 0.022 ). Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen (CA) 15-3, CA125, CA19-9 increased in 68.7% ( 123/179) and 27.0% (20/74) of patients with and without bone metastases, respectively (χ2 = 37. 03, P =0. 000). Conclusions The incidence of bone metastases from breast cancer is correlated to pathological types of primary tumor and lymph node metastases. Bone metastases occurs more frequently in patients with infiltrated, non-specified, primary cancer and with lymph node metastases. Serum ALP, CEA, CA15-3,CA125, CA19-9 might be the tumor makers for early diagnosis of bone metastases from breast cancer.